Download engineering drawing text book by nd bhatt pdf latest edition for b. The projections of a straight line are obtained by joining the top and front views of. Engineering drawing text book by nd bhatt pdf latest edition. The paper contains the classification of singularities for plane projections of smooth surfaces by means of a pencil of straight lines originating from a point 14 normal forms. Proof given a straight line, either it cuts the yaxis, or is parallel to or coincident with it. Engineering drawing text book by nd bhatt pdf latest. A rhumb line is a line on the surface of the earth cutting all meridians at the same angle. Projections of a straight line introduction the shortest distance between any two points is called a straight line. Electronic devices and circuits free ebook pdf download. Straight line locus of a point, which moves linearly the shortest distance between any two given points. Projections behind every 2d drawing of an object is a. Two projection lines indicate where the dimension starts and finishes.
The above position resulting in straight line as a top view and front view. Aug 18, 2015 projections of straight lines inclined to one or both of the reference planes pdf. Five map projections showing a variety of shapes and sizes of land masses when different projection systems are applied. It has been one of the most comprehensive revisions since the book was first published. Projection of straight lines 1 free download as word doc. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in. Engineering graphics projections of a straight line. Front views of the two end points of a straight line, when joined, give the front view of the straight line. Engineering graphics projection of points and lines. Line styles other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are. Different surfaces and planes form the configuration or shape of any object. Projections of straight lines pdf book manual free. Projections of straight lines ppt, engineering drawing. A straight line may have different orientations in space well be positioning this line in different ways that is it may be parallel or inclined to.
Lambert azimuthal equalarea equal area polar aspect. Engineering graphics slidespresentationsppt for ktu apj. Hence, when a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on the plane is equal to its true. Its midpoint m is 25 mm above the hp and 40 mm in front of the vp. Lines plan a collection of lines at well defined positions that are used to define a hull form projections of straight lines on to the hull surface from xyz planes. Oct 06, 2014 kindly support my channel to upload more videos. Location of a line the location of a line in projection quadrants is described by specifying the distances of its end points from the vp, hp and pp. Engineering graphics 1st yr projection of points and lines. Draw the projections of the line and find its true inclinations with the vp and the hp. Projection of straight lines in engineering drawing pdf.
Graphics projection of straight lines free download as pdf file. The observers eye, or station point the plane of projection the projectors also called visual rays or lines of sight. Nov 03, 2014 projection of lines a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Planar projections are the subset of 3d graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in threedimensional space to points on a twodimensional projection plane.
Jeemains is biggest and most important engineering entrance exam in india, known as joint entrance exam jee main which is conducted by c. Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes. Projection of straight lines ii line geometry angle. There are many candidates who are finding for the jee main 2017. Projections of planes parallel to one of the reference planes 2 5 9.
The shortest distance between any two points is called a straight line. Since any two planes intersect in a straight line, this plane intersects the near plane in a straight line. Draw the projections of the line if it is parallel to the vp and inclined at 30 to the hp. Engineering graphics slidespresentationsppt for ktu. Projections of straight lines pdf book manual free download. Projections of straight line when inclined to both hp and. Tips for projection of straight linesiiinclined to both. Projections of a hemisphere that could be extended to.
Dimensions are always drawn using continuous thin lines. Hence, the projections of a straight line may be drawn by joining the respective projections of its ends which are points. Projection of straight lines in engineering graphics pdf. A straight line ab measuring 80 mm long has the end a in the hp and 25 mm in front of the vp. Projection of lines free download as powerpoint presentation. The top and front views of the line have lengths of 55mm and 70mm respectively. Pseudoconical in standard presentation, pseudoconical projections represent the central meridian as a straight line, other meridians as complex curves, and parallels as circular arcs. Find complete straight line question paper with sol on jee. Projections of planes in this topic various plane figures are the objects.
Hence, in monges projection, a straight line is represented by a pair of projections p,p. Polar areas appear to have a larger scale than areas near the center. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Parallel to one plane and perpendicular to the other. Nov 12, 2016 in this tutorial, the object is a straight line. Projection lines do not touch the object and are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning. A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines. Nine projections with hyperbolas or converging straight lines for meridians are almost useless.
Straight edges 6 6 5 5 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 b b a a 1 3 5 2 4 1 a b 6 6 6 5 5 2 2 4 4 3 1 1 b b a a a 1 2 4. Azimuthal projections have the property that directions from a central point are preserved and therefore great circles through the central point are represented by straight lines on the map. Snyder 365 this chapter is organized in four main sections re. Revolving or moving straight lines in different ways obtains these surfaces. Projection of straight lines in engineering graphics pdf in engineering drawing practice two principal planes are used to get the. And in that case we dealt more particularly with projections onto lines that went through the origin. This document is highly rated by mechanical engineering students and. We know that the equation of a line which cuts the yaxis i. Here you can download engineering drawing book by n. May 11, 2020 projections of straight lines ppt, engineering drawing, semester mechanical engineering notes edurev is made by best teachers of mechanical engineering. Projections of straight lines inclined to one or both of the reference planes pdf.
Hence, the projections of a straight line may be drawn by joining the. In standard presentation, conic or conical projections map meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. A point t lies on a line p if its horizontal projection lies on the horizontal projection of the. Bernhard, patterson, tom and hurni, lorenz2010 graphical design of world map projections. These projections account for area, shape, direction, bearing, distance, and scale. A straight line ab of 40 mm length has one of its ends a, at 10 mm from the hp and 15 mm from the vp. Download projections of straight lines book pdf free download link or read online here in pdf. Projection of lines a straight line is the shortest distance between two points. This document is highly rated by mechanical engineering students and has been viewed 3294 times. The earlier edition of this textbook is thoroughly revised, extensively enlarged, completely updated. These projections also have radial symmetry in the scales and hence in the distortions. Projection of lines a straight line is the shortest distance between. Projection of straight lines in engineering drawing pdf in engineering drawing practice two principal planes are used to get the.
The projections of a straight line in various positions in the first quadrant are grouped based on its orientation with reference to the vertical and horizontal planes. Projections by presentation of a metric property would include equidistant, conformal, gnomonic, equal area, and compromise projections. Projections of straight lines ppt, engineering drawing, semester mechanical engineering notes edurev notes for mechanical engineering is made by best teachers who have written some of the best books of mechanical engineering. Projections of straight line when inclined to both hp and vp. Projection of straight lines ii free download as powerpoint presentation. Click the following link to download the power point show file for illustration of projection of lines. Projections of straight lines straight line it is the shortest distance between two given points. Many videos ago we introduced the idea of a projection. Slide set 2 drawing views and orthographic projection i. Projection of lines inclined to both the reference planes, projections of a line when true length, true inclinations and position of one end is given, to determine the true length and true inclination of a line when its projections are given, trapezoid method to determine true length and inclinations.
The simplest position a straight line occupies in a space is, it is parallel to both v. Revolving or moving straight lines in different ways obtains these surfaces and planes. The result of projecting a spherical surface onto a cylinder. An analytical introduction to descriptive geometry mechanical. The following are the important positions which a straight line can take with respect to two reference planes. Tech 1styear subject engineering graphics or engineering. Assume the line to be located in each of the four quadrants by turns. Orthogonal projection of a straight line if a straight line p is not a ray of projection not perpendicular to either projection plane, then its horizontal and vertical projections are lines p and p. A straight line is the shortest distance between two points. Projection of straight lines pdf projecting the image of an object to the plane of projection is known as. Top views of two end points of a straight line, when joined, give the top view of the straight line. Read online projections of straight lines book pdf free download link book now. All dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. True length and inclination of lines with reference plane.
Parallels and meridians, which also maintain constant true directions, may be considered special cases of the rhumb line. In a typical cylindrical projection, one imagines the paper to. Projection of straight lines 1 geometry space scribd. Inclination of its surface with one of the reference planes will be given.
Draw the projections of the following straight lines. The points of a surface in general position are divided into classes which define the projection type along an arbitrary direction with almost every point of the tangent to that direction as the projection center. A line ef, 85mm long has its end e, 25mm above the hp and 20mm in front of the vp. Engineering graphics projection of points and lines slideshare. The straight lines crossing at right angles of this map projection make it useful for navigation, but it distorts the size of areas away from the equator. So if we had some line lets say l and lets say l is equal to the span of some vector v.